This teleprompter autocue monitor is typically used by musicians, singers, presenters, ministers, performers, speakers and choirs. Using a 22″ colour flat screen in portrait orientation, the Stageprompter is built of solid birch plywood to stand up to the knocks of live performance. This new model is designed to be compact and highly portable. Professional speakers and TV anchors and often use a hardware-based teleprompter where the monitor displaying the text is attached to the video camera itself and reflected to the speaker using a mirror, here we’ll look at building a simple software based teleprompter using a presentation software that you probably already have – Microsoft PowerPoint.

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A teleprompter is a display device that prompts the person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script. Using a teleprompter is similar to using cue cards. The screen is in front of, and usually below, the lens of a professional video camera, and the words on the screen are reflected to the eyes of the presenter using a sheet of clear glass or a specially prepared beam splitter. Light from the performer passes through the front side of the glass into the lens, while a shroud surrounding the lens and the back side of the glass prevents unwanted light from entering the lens. Mechanically this works in a very similar way to the 'Pepper's Ghost' illusion from classic theatre - an image viewable from one angle but not another - and the concept may have similar origins.

Because the speaker does not need to look down to consult written notes, the teleprompter creates the illusion that the speaker has memorized the speech or is speaking spontaneously, looking directly into the camera lens. Cue cards, on the other hand, are always placed away from the lens axis, making the speaker look at a point beside the camera, which leaves an impression of distraction.

From the first mechanical paper roll teleprompters used by television presenters and speakers at U.S. political conventions in 1952,^[1] to dual glass teleprompters used by TV presenters and for U.S. conventions in 1964,^[2] to the computer-based rolls of 1982 and the four-prompter system for U.S. conventions which added a large off-stage confidence monitor and inset lectern monitor in 1996,^[3] to the replacement of glass teleprompters at U.K. political conferences by several large off-stage confidence monitors in 2006,^[4] the technology has continued to develop.

The word TelePrompTer, with internal capitalization, originated as a trade name used by the TelePrompTer Company, which first developed the device in the 1950s; it is now a genericized trademark. Autocue, a United Kingdom manufacturer of teleprompters, also finds its trademark used in a generic fashion in Commonwealth countries and some European countries.

• 3Modern design

History[edit]

The TelePrompTer Corporation was founded in the 1950s by Fred Barton, Jr., Hubert Schlafly and Irving Berlin Kahn. Barton was an actor who suggested the concept of the teleprompter as a means of assisting television performers who had to memorize large amounts of material in a short time.^[5]Schlafly built the first teleprompter in 1950. It was simply a mechanical device, operated by a hidden technician, located near the camera.^[6] The script, in inch-high letters, was printed by a special electric typewriter on a paper scroll, which was advanced as the performer read, and the machines rented for the then-considerable sum of $30 per hour.^[7] In 1952 former President Herbert Hoover used a Schlafly-designed speech teleprompter to address the 1952 Republican National Convention in Chicago. U.S. Governor Paul A. Dever spoke at the 1952 Democratic National Convention, also held in Chicago, using a mechanical-roll teleprompter on a long pole held by a TV technician in the convention audience, while the 1952 Republican National Convention used a smaller teleprompter placed in front of the speaker's rostrum.^[1] Mechanical prompters were still being used as late as 1992, as was the case with The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

On January 4, 1954 ^[8], Dwight Eisenhower was the first President to use a teleprompter for a State of the Union address.^[9]

Jess Oppenheimer, who created I Love Lucy and served for its first five years as its producer and head writer, developed the first 'in-the-lens' prompter^[10] and was awarded U.S. patents^[11][12] for its creation. This system uses a mirror to reflect a script onto a piece of glass placed in front of the camera lens, thus allowing the reader to look directly into the camera. First used by Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz in 1953^[10] to read commercials on-camera, it soon became a staple of television news and is the primary system used with prompters today.

The first personal computer-based teleprompter, Compu=Prompt appeared in 1982. It was invented and marketed by Courtney M. Goodin and Laurence B. Abrams in Los Angeles, California. The custom software and specially-redesigned camera hardware ran on the Atari 800 Personal Computer, which featured smooth hardware-assisted scrolling. Their company later became ProPrompt, Inc., which is still providing teleprompting services over 32 years later. Other paper-based teleprompting companies Electronic Script Prompting, QTV and Telescript followed suit and developed their own software several years later, when computers with enough graphics power to provide the smooth scrolling text became available. In January 2010 Compu=Prompt received a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for 'Pioneering Development in Electronic Prompting'.

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Etymology[edit]

The word 'TelePrompTer', with internal capitalization, originated as a trade name used by the TelePrompTer Company, which first developed the device in the 1950s. The word 'teleprompter', with no capitalization, has become a genericized trademark, because it is used to refer to similar systems manufactured by many different companies. The United States Patent Office does not have any live trademarks registered for the word teleprompter, but this does not rule out the possibility of a company enforcing the trademark without registering it. Some other common terms for this type of device are:

• Autocue (the trademark of Autocue Group Ltd, most commonly used in Commonwealth countries)
• electronic speech notes
• cueing device
• idiot board (slang)

Modern design[edit]

Television[edit]

Modern teleprompters for news programs consist of a personal computer, connected to video monitors on each professional video camera. In certain systems, the PC connects to a separate display device to offer greater flexibility in setup, distances and cabling. The monitors are often black-and-white and have the scanning reversed to compensate for the reflection of the mirror. A peripheral device attached has a knob that can be turned to speed up, slow down, or even reverse the scrolling of the text. The text is usually displayed in white letters on a black background for the best readability, while cues are in inverse video (black on white). Difficult words (mainly international names) are spelled out phonetically,^[13] as are other particulars like 'Nine-eleven' (to specify that the event 9/11 should not be pronounced 'nine-one-one', for example).

With the development of inexpensive teleprompter software applications as well as free Web-based teleprompter applets, many different disciplines are now using teleprompters to help them deliver sermons, deliver speeches, and to create quality audio recordings. Unlike their more advanced counterparts, these entry level products work on desktop computers, laptop computers, and even tablet computers to enable the speaker to control the rate and flow of their speech. They are also used by many different organizations and schools to deliver prewritten information by relative novices. They are usually called 'personal teleprompters.'

Presidential (or glass) teleprompters[edit]

In 1964, glass teleprompters appearing on either side of the lectern were used at both the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention, and by Robert F. Kennedy, at the time the U.S. Attorney General, who served in both the Kennedy and early Johnson Administrations (1961-1964), to deliver his convention speech.^[2]

Glass teleprompters function in a similar way to those used on television. Typically, a screen on either side of the speaker shows mirrored text from upward-facing floor monitors at the base of a stand supporting a one-way mirror at the top, angled down towards the screen. The speaker sees the text on the screen reflected in the mirror, while the audience sees what looks like a sheet of tinted glass on each side of the speaker.

Confidence monitors[edit]

In 1996, speakers at the Democratic National Convention, held at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois, used three teleprompters, to the left, right and center of the speaker's lectern (as well as a fourth prompter monitor next to the paper script and embedded in the lectern itself), rather than the traditional two-prompter system, a modification subsequently adopted by both the Democratic and Republican parties for future conventions: the two glass teleprompters on either side of the speaker, which create the illusion that the speaker is looking directly at the audience in the hall, are joined by a third, much larger teleprompter screen, known as a 'confidence monitor', which is placed immediately below the broadcast TV cameras which are located some distance away from the convention stage on a specially-constructed broadcasting gantry. This placement of the center prompter creates the illusion that the speaker is periodically looking straight into the camera lens, and thereby appearing to directly address the audience watching the televised Convention coverage.^[3]

In 2006, speakers at the Liberal Democrat Federal Conference, held at the Brighton Centre in Brighton, UK, also used a three-screen system (but this time consisting entirely of large off-stage confidence monitors mounted on poles — which are often described outside North America, together with glass teleprompters, as 'autocues'), where the skill required for those using it, according to the Liberal Democrats' former leader, Menzies Campbell (2006—2008), is to move their gaze seamlessly from one screen to the other: left, centre (near the broadcast TV cameras), right and then back again.^[14] As well as helping the speaker to appear to sometimes directly address the TV audience during his/her speech, this system also allows the speaker — in another case cited, the party's then-new leader, Nick Clegg (2008—2015) — to abandon the podium lectern and roam the stage, speaking with apparent spontaneity but in fact constantly assisted by three large autocue screens placed throughout the conference hall.^[4] Ironically, this use of the system was adopted by Clegg to counter the oratorical success of another party leader, David Cameron (later to become British Prime Minister), who bestrode stages while speaking seemingly off-the-cuff, having memorized key parts of his speech.^[15] This multiple use of off-stage confidence monitors also dispenses with the need for glass teleprompters to be present on the conference stage, thereby reducing 'stage clutter', and removes the inevitable restrictions on the speaker's movement and field of vision imposed by on-stage glass prompters. The disadvantage of such a system is that the provision of 'giant teleprompters' becomes essential to maintaining the illusion of speaking with apparent spontaneity.^[15]

Teleprompters in India

Harish Bhimani, a National Awardee in Voiceovers pioneered the age of teleprompters in India, was quoted as saying:

The Teleprompter has been on my wish list since way back in 1978 when I went to the US on a holiday. During this visit, a trip to the news-room of a TV channel was my top priority - certainly more than a visit to the Statue of Liberty! Being an established newscaster on TV back in India, I was very keen to see how the broadcasting fraternity functioned in the most advanced country in the world.

The first thing that struck him was the level of professionalism in their approach.

In a nut-shell, if you are expected to give a top-notch performance, you also received the best facilities to make such a performance possible. That is when I first saw a TELEPROMPTER!

It was a dream! No shuffling of haphazardly scribbled news items on sheets of paper! A visibly relaxed expression, with an added ease in impromptu asides! I came back to Mumbai and the daily grind, resigned to the fact that our TV was not yet ready to pamper us 'over-paid' newscasters with a teleprompter.

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But the teleprompter stayed with him and he managed to get the first privately owned teleprompter to India in 1992. He then assembled the most suitable model for the then prevailing Indian conditions - including the multi-lingual milieu, thus pioneering tele prompting in India.

See also[edit]

• A similar device called an interrotron is often used by filmmaker Errol Morris.^[16] Instead of text, a live image of the interviewer (or the interviewee) is displayed, allowing both conversation partners to look straight at the camera.^[17]

Notes[edit]

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1. ^ ^abStromberg, Joseph (22 October 2012). 'A Brief History of the Teleprompter (click on fourth photo image box for description and clearer view)'. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
2. ^ ^ab'Kiss and Teleprompter'. Getty Images. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
3. ^ ^ab'Speakers send a strong message'. Detroit Free Press (Detroit, Michigan). August 27, 1996. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
4. ^ ^abHoggart, Simon (18 September 2008). 'Bog standard search for Elysium'. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
5. ^Brown, Laurie (2005-12-28). The Teleprompter Manual. The Difference. ISBN0-9767761-0-3.
6. ^Engineers' Device Eased Speechmakers' Minds, Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2011, p.A6
7. ^'TV's Cost-Cutting Gadets,' Sponsor, 22 September 1952, 36. Green Bay-de Pere Telephone Directory | Even Our Phone Number Tells Our Story... ADAMS 1 → TV gadgets that save money for sponsors
8. ^ 'Ike Uses Pair of Teleprompters.' Cleveland Plain Dealer, January 6, 1954, p. 13.
9. ^A Brief History of the Teleprompter
10. ^ ^abLaughs, Luck...and Lucy: How I Came to Create the Most Popular Sitcom of All Time, by Jess Oppenheimer with Gregg Oppenheimer, pp. 204-205.
11. ^US 2883902
12. ^US 2926559
13. ^Reuters: When words get in the way, Bush goes phonetic
14. ^Campbell, Menzies (2014). 'Menzies Campbell: My Autobiography'. Hachette Books, London. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
15. ^ ^abAtkinson, Max (24 September 2009). 'Clegg's conference speech: 'definitely OK, absolutely fine, without any doubt not bad''. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
16. ^Nobile, Jr, Phil (7 July 2017). 'The Interrotron: How Errol Morris Changed The Way Documentaries Watch Us'. Birth.Movies.Death.
17. ^Pavlus, John (30 September 2016). 'Errol Morris's Secret Weapon for Unsettling Interviews: The Interrotron'. Fast Company.

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External links[edit]

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